Special Warning : אזהרת שימוש

4.4 Special warnings and precautions for use
Gastrointestinal (GI) effects
Upper and lower gastrointestinal complications (perforations, ulcers or bleedings [PUBs]), some of them resulting in fatal outcome, have occurred in patients treated with celecoxib. Caution is advised with treatment of patients most at risk of developing a gastrointestinal complication with NSAIDs; the elderly, patients using any other NSAID or antiplatelet drugs (such as acetylsalicylic acid) or glucocorticoids concomitantly, patients using alcohol, or patients with a prior history of gastrointestinal disease, such as ulceration and GI bleeding.

There is further increase in the risk of gastrointestinal adverse effects for celecoxib (gastrointestinal ulceration or other gastrointestinal complications) when celecoxib is taken concomitantly with acetylsalicylic acid (even at low doses).

A significant difference in GI safety between selective COX-2 inhibitors + acetylsalicylic acid vs.
NSAIDs + acetylsalicylic acid has not been demonstrated in long-term clinical trials (see section 5.1).

Concomitant NSAID use
The concomitant use of celecoxib and a non-aspirin NSAIDs should be avoided.

Cardiovascular effects
Increased number of serious cardiovascular (CV) events, mainly myocardial infarction, has been found in a long-term placebo-controlled study in subjects with sporadic adenomatous polyps treated with celecoxib at doses of 200 mg bis in die (BID) and 400 mg BID compared to placebo (see section 5.1).
As the cardiovascular risks of celecoxib may increase with dose and duration of exposure, the shortest duration possible and the lowest effective daily dose should be used. NSAIDs, including COX-2 selective inhibitors, have been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular and thrombotic adverse events when taken long-term. The exact magnitude of the risk associated with a single dose has not been determined, nor has the exact duration of therapy associated with increased risk. The patient's need for symptomatic relief and response to therapy should be re-evaluated periodically, especially in patients with osteoarthritis (see sections 4.2, 4.3, 4.8 and 5.1).

Patients with significant risk factors for cardiovascular events (e.g., hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, diabetes mellitus, smoking) should only be treated with celecoxib after careful consideration (see section 5.1).

COX-2 selective inhibitors are not a substitute for acetylsalicylic acid for prophylaxis of cardiovascular thrombo-embolic diseases because of their lack of antiplatelet effects. Therefore, antiplatelet therapies should not be discontinued (see section 5.1).

Fluid retention and oedema

As with other medicinal products known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis, fluid retention and oedema have been observed in patients taking celecoxib. Therefore, celecoxib should be used with caution in patients with history of cardiac failure, left ventricular dysfunction or hypertension, and in patients with pre-existing oedema from any other reason, since prostaglandin inhibition may result in deterioration of renal function and fluid retention. Caution is also required in patients taking diuretic treatment or otherwise at risk of hypovolaemia.

Hypertension

As with all NSAIDS, celecoxib can lead to the onset of new hypertension or worsening of pre-existing hypertension, either of which may contribute to the increased incidence of cardiovascular events.
Therefore, blood pressure should be monitored closely during the initiation of therapy with celecoxib and throughout the course of therapy.

Hepatic and renal effects

Compromised renal or hepatic function and especially cardiac dysfunction are more likely in the elderly and therefore medically appropriate supervision should be maintained.

NSAIDs, including celecoxib, may cause renal toxicity. Clinical trials with celecoxib have shown renal effects similar to those observed with comparator NSAIDs. Patients at greatest risk for renal toxicity are those with impaired renal       function, heart failure, liver dysfunction, those taking diuretics, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitors, angiotensin II receptor antagonists, and the elderly (see section 4.5). Such patients should be carefully monitored while receiving treatment with celecoxib.

Some cases of severe hepatic reactions, including fulminant hepatitis (some with fatal outcome), liver necrosis and, hepatic failure (some with fatal outcome or requiring liver transplant), have been reported with celecoxib. Among the cases that reported time to onset, most of the severe adverse hepatic events developed within one month after initiation of celecoxib treatment (see section 4.8).

If during treatment, patients deteriorate in any of the organ system functions described above, appropriate measures should be taken, and discontinuation of celecoxib therapy should be considered.

CYP2D6 inhibition

Celecoxib inhibits CYP2D6. Although it is not a strong inhibitor of this enzyme, a dose reduction may be necessary for individually dose-titrated medicinal products that are metabolized by CYP2D6 (see section 4.5).

CYP2C9 poor metabolizers

Patients known to be CYP2C9 poor metabolizers should be treated with caution (see section 5.2).
Skin and systemic hypersensitivity reactions
Serious skin reactions, some of them fatal, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported very rarely in association with the use of celecoxib (see section 4.8). Patients appear to be at highest risk for these reactions early in the course of therapy: the onset of the reaction occurring in the majority of cases within the first month of treatment. Serious hypersensitivity reactions (including anaphylaxis, angioedema and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), or hypersensitivity syndrome), have been reported in patients receiving celecoxib (see section 4.8). Patients with a history of sulfonamide allergy or any drug allergy may be at greater risk of serious skin reactions or hypersensitivity reactions (see section 4.3). Celecoxib should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.

General

Celecoxib may mask fever and other signs of inflammation.
Use with oral anticoagulants
In patients on concurrent therapy with warfarin, serious bleeding events, some of them fatal, have been reported. Increased prothrombin time (INR) with concurrent therapy has been reported.
Therefore, this should be closely monitored in patients receiving warfarin/coumarin-type oral anticoagulants, particularly when therapy with celecoxib is initiated or celecoxib dose is changed (see section 4.5). Concomitant use of anticoagulants with NSAIDs may increase the risk of bleeding.
Caution should be exercised when combining celecoxib with warfarin or other oral anticoagulants, including novel anticoagulants (e.g. apixaban, dabigatran, and rivaroxaban).

Excipients

Celcox 100 mg and 200 mg capsules contain lactose (40 mg and 80 mg, respectively). Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, total lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.

Celcox 100 mg and 200 mg contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per capsule, that is to say essentially 'sodium- free'.

Effects on Driving

4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machines
Celcox may have minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients who experience dizziness, vertigo or somnolence while taking Celcox should refrain from driving or operating machinery.