Pharmacological properties : תכונות פרמקולוגיות

Pharmacodynamic Properties

5.1   Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: other nervous system drugs, ATC code: N07XX02.

Mechanism of action
Although the pathogenesis of ALS is not completely elucidated, it is suggested that glutamate (the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system) plays a role for cell death in the disease.

Riluzole is proposed to act by inhibiting glutamate processes. The mode of action is unclear.

Clinical efficacy and safety
In a trial, 155 patients were randomised to riluzole 100 mg/day (50 mg twice daily) or placebo and were followed-up for 12 to 21 months. Survival, as defined in the second paragraph of section 4.1, was significantly extended for patients who received riluzole as compared to patients who received placebo. The median survival time was 17.7 months versus 14.9 months for riluzole and placebo, respectively.

In a dose-ranging trial, 959 patients with ALS were randomised to one of four treatment groups: riluzole 50, 100, 200 mg/day, or placebo and were followed-up for 18 months. In patients treated with riluzole 100 mg/day, survival was significantly higher compared to patients who received placebo. The effect of riluzole 50 mg/day was not statistically significant compared to placebo and the effect of 200 mg/day was essentially comparable to that of 100 mg/day. The median survival time approached
16.5 months versus 13.5 months for riluzole 100 mg/day and placebo, respectively.

In a parallel group study designed to assess the efficacy and safety of riluzole in patients at a late stage of the disease, survival time and motor function under riluzole did not differ significantly from that of placebo. In this study the majority of patients had a vital capacity less than 60%.

In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy and safety of riluzole in Japanese patients, 204 patients were randomised to riluzole 100 mg/day (50 mg twice daily) or placebo and were followed-up for 18 months. In this study, the efficacy was assessed on inability to walk alone, loss of upper limb function, tracheostomy, need for artificial ventilation, gastric tube feeding or death. Tracheostomy-free survival in patients treated with riluzole did not differ significantly from placebo. However, the power of this study to detect differences between treatment groups was low. Meta-analysis including this study and those described above showed a less striking effect on survival for riluzole as compared to placebo although the differences remained statistically significant.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

5.2   Pharmacokinetic properties

The pharmacokinetics of riluzole have been evaluated in healthy male volunteers after single oral administration of 25 to 300 mg and after multiple-dose oral administration of 25 to 100 mg bid.
Plasma levels increase linearly with the dose and the pharmacokinetic profile is dose-independent.
With multiple dose administration (10 day-treatment at 50 mg riluzole bid), unchanged riluzole accumulates in plasma by about 2 fold and steady-state is reached in less than 5 days.

Absorption
Riluzole is rapidly absorbed after oral administration with maximal plasma concentrations occurring within 60 to 90 minutes (Cmax=173 ± 72 (sd) ng/ml). About 90% of the dose is absorbed and the absolute bioavailability is 60 ± 18%.

The rate and extent of absorption is reduced when riluzole is administered with high-fat meals (decrease in Cmax of 44%, decrease in AUC of 17%).
Distribution
Riluzole is extensively distributed throughout the body and has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier. The volume of distribution of riluzole is about 245 ± 69 L (3.4 L/kg). Riluzole is about 97% protein bound and it binds mainly to serum albumin and to lipoproteins.

Biotransformation
Unchanged riluzole is the main component in plasma and is extensively metabolised by cytochrome P450 and subsequent glucuronidation. In vitro studies using human liver preparations demonstrated that cytochrome P450 1A2 is the principal isoenzyme involved in the metabolism of riluzole. The metabolites identified in urine are three phenolic derivatives, one ureido-derivative and unchanged riluzole.

The primary metabolic pathway for riluzole is initial oxidation by cytochrome P450 1A2 producing N-hydroxy-riluzole (RPR112512), the major active metabolite of riluzole. This metabolite is rapidly glucuronoconjugated to O- and N-glucuronides.

Elimination
The elimination half-life ranges from 9 to 15 hours. Riluzole is eliminated mainly in the urine.
The overall urinary excretion accounts for about 90% of the dose. Glucuronides accounted for more than 85% of the metabolites in the urine. Only 2% of a riluzole dose was recovered unchanged in the urine.

Special populations
Impaired renal function
There is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between patients with moderate or severe chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance between 10 and 50 ml.min-1) and healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of 50 mg riluzole.

Older people
The pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole after multiple dose administration (4.5 days of treatment at 50 mg riluzole bid) are not affected in the older people (>70 years).

Impaired hepatic function
The AUC of riluzole after a single oral dose of 50 mg increases by about 1.7 fold in patients with mild chronic liver insufficiency and by about 3 fold in patients with moderate chronic liver insufficiency.

Race
A clinical study conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of riluzole and its metabolite N-hydroxyriluzole following repeated oral administration twice daily for 8 days in 16 healthy Japanese and 16 Caucasian adult males showed in the Japanese group a lower exposure of riluzole (Cmax 0.85 [90% CI 0.68-1.08] and AUC inf. 0.88 [90% CI 0.69-1.13]) and similar exposure to the metabolite. The clinical significance of these results is not known.