Adverse reactions : תופעות לוואי

4.8 Undesirable effects
The adverse effects of adrenaline are related to the stimulation of both alpha- and beta- adrenergic receptors. The occurrence of undesirable effects depends on the sensitivity of the individual patient and the dose involved.

Frequencies are defined using the following convention: not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
System organ class     Frequency                    Undesirable effects Immune System           Not known   Anaphylaxis, possibly with severe bronchospasm Disorders                           (see Section 4.4)
Metabolism and          Not known   Hypokalaemia nutrition disorders                 Metabolic acidosis
Inhibition of insulin secretion (even with low doses)
Hyperglycaemia (even with low doses)
Gluconeogenesis
Glycolysis
Lipolysis
Ketogenesis
Psychiatric disorders   Not known   Psychotic states
Anxiety
Fear
Confusional state
Irritability
Insomnia
Nervous system          Not known   Headache disorders                           Dizziness
Tremor
Restlessness
Cardiac disorders       Not known   Disturbances of cardiac rhythm and rate Palpitation Tachycardia
Chest pain/ angina potentially fatal ventricular arrhythmias
Fibrillation Stress cardiomyopathy (such as Takotsubo syndrome)
Decrease in T-wave amplitude
Vascular disorders      Not known   Hypertension (with risk of cerebral haemorrhage) Coldness of extremities
Respiratory disorders   Not known   Dyspnoea
Pulmonary oedema
Gastrointestinal        Not known   Dry mouth disorders                           Reduced appetite
Nausea
Vomiting hypersalivation
Renal and urinary       Not known   Difficulty in micturition disorders                           Urinary retention
General disorders       Not known   Sweating and administration                  Weakness site conditions
5. PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES
In patients with Parkinsonian Syndrome,         5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties Adrenaline increases rigidity and tremor.
Subarachnoid haemorrhage and hemiplegia         Pharmacotherapeutic group: adrenergic have resulted from hypertension, even           and dopaminergic agents, adrenaline.
following subcutaneous administration of usual doses of Adrenaline.                      ATC code: CO1CA24

Adrenaline can cause potentially fatal          Adrenaline is a naturally occurring ventricular arrhythmias including               catecholamine secreted by the adrenal fibrillation, especially in patients with       medulla in response to exertion or stress. It organic heart disease or those receiving        is a sympathomimetic amine which is a other drugs that sensitise the heart to         potent stimulant of both alpha- and beta- arrhythmias (see section 4.5).                  adrenergic receptors and its effects on target organs are therefore complex. It is
Pulmonary oedema may occur after                used to provide rapid relief of excessive doses or in extreme sensitivity.      hypersensitivity reactions to allergies or to idiopathic or exercise-induced anaphylaxis.
Repeated injections of Adrenaline can cause necrosis as a result of vascular          Adrenaline has a strong vasoconstrictor constriction at the injection site. Tissue      action through alpha- adrenergic necrosis may also occur in the extremities,     stimulation. This activity counteracts the kidneys and liver.                              vasodilatation and increased vascular permeability leading to loss of intravascular
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions        fluid and subsequent hypotension, which Reporting suspected adverse reactions           are the major pharmacological features in after authorisation of the medicinal            anaphylactic shock.
product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of       Adrenaline stimulates bronchial beta- the medicinal product. Any suspected            adrenergic receptors and has a powerful adverse events should be reported to the        bronchodilator action. Adrenaline also Ministry of Health according to the             alleviates pruritis, urticaria and National Regulation by using an online          angioedema associated with anaphylaxis.
form: https://sideeffects.health.gov.il/
5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties