Pregnancy & Lactation : הריון/הנקה

4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactation
Pregnancy
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis may adversely affect the pregnancy and/or the embryo/foetal development. Data from epidemiological studies suggest an increased risk of miscarriage and of cardiac malformation and gastroschisis after use of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor in early pregnancy. The absolute risk for cardiovascular malformation was increased from less than 1%, up to approximately 1.5 %. The risk is believed to increase with dose and duration of therapy. In animals, administration of a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor has been shown to result in increased pre- and post-implantation loss and embryo-foetal lethality. In addition, increased incidences of various malformations, including cardiovascular, have been reported in animals given a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor during the organogenetic period. During the first and second trimester of pregnancy, ibuprofen should not be given unless clearly necessary. If ibuprofen is used by a woman attempting to conceive, or during the first and second trimester of pregnancy, the dose should be kept as low and duration of treatment as short as possible.

During the third trimester of pregnancy, all prostaglandin synthesis inhibitors may expose the foetus to:
- cardiopulmonary toxicity (with premature closure of the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary hypertension);
- renal dysfunction, which may progress to renal failure with oligo-hydroamniosis; the mother and the neonate, at the end of pregnancy, to:
- possible prolongation of bleeding time, an anti-aggregating effect which may occur even at very low doses.
- inhibition of uterine contractions resulting in delayed or prolonged labour.

Consequently, ibuprofen is contraindicated during the third trimester of pregnancy.

Rarely, the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) after 20 weeks gestation in pregnancy may cause fetal renal dysfunction leading to oligohydramnios.

These effects are seen after days to weeks of treatment. Although oligohydramnios has been infrequently reported as soon as 48 hours after NSAID initiation. Oligohydramnios is often, but not always, reversible with treatment discontinuation.

The use of NSAIDs after week 20 of gestation should be restricted. If the benefit of NSAID treatment is considered greater than the risk, limit use to the lowest effective dose and shortest duration possible.

Consider ultrasound monitoring of amniotic fluid if NSAID treatment of this medicine at the full treatment dosage extends beyond five days. Discontinue the NSAID if oligohydramnios occurs.


Lactation
In limited studies, ibuprofen appears in breast milk in very low concentrations. Based upon the low level detected (0.0008% of maternal dose), it is unlikely to affect the breast- fed infant adversely.

Fertility
See section 4.4 regarding female fertility.