Pharmacological properties : תכונות פרמקולוגיות

Pharmacodynamic Properties

5.1 Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in diabetes, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, ATC code: A10BK01

Mechanism of action
Dapagliflozin is a highly potent (Ki: 0.55 nM), selective and reversible inhibitor of SGLT2.

Inhibition of SGLT2 by dapagliflozin reduces reabsorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate in the proximal renal tubule with a concomitant reduction in sodium reabsorption leading to urinary excretion of glucose and osmotic diuresis. Dapagliflozin therefore increases the delivery of sodium to the distal tubule which increases tubuloglomerular feedback and reduces intraglomerular pressure. This combined with osmotic diuresis leads to a reduction in volume overload, reduced blood pressure, and lower preload and afterload, which may have beneficial effects on cardiac remodelling and diastolic function, and preserve renal function. The cardiac and renal benefits of 
dapagliflozin are not solely dependent on the blood glucose-lowering effect and not limited to patients with diabetes as demonstrated in the DAPA-HF, DELIVER and DAPA-CKD studies. Other effects include an increase in haematocrit and reduction in body weight.
Dapagliflozin improves both fasting and post-prandial plasma glucose levels by reducing renal glucose reabsorption leading to urinary glucose excretion. This glucose excretion (glucuretic effect) is observed after the first dose, is continuous over the 24-hour dosing interval and is sustained for the duration of treatment. The amount of glucose removed by the kidney through this mechanism is dependent upon the blood glucose concentration and GFR. Thus, in subjects with normal blood glucose, dapagliflozin has a low propensity to cause hypoglycaemia. Dapagliflozin does not impair normal endogenous glucose production in response to hypoglycaemia. Dapagliflozin acts independently of insulin secretion and insulin action. Improvement in homeostasis model assessment for beta cell function (HOMA beta-cell) has been observed in clinical studies with dapagliflozin.


The SGLT2 is selectively expressed in the kidney. Dapagliflozin does not inhibit other glucose transporters important for glucose transport into peripheral tissues and is > 1,400 times more selective for SGLT2 versus SGLT1, the major transporter in the gut responsible for glucose absorption.

Pharmacodynamic effects

Increases in the amount of glucose excreted in the urine were observed in healthy subjects and in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus following the administration of dapagliflozin. Approximately 70 g of glucose was excreted in the urine per day (corresponding to 280 kcal/day) at a dapagliflozin dose of 10 mg/day in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus for 12 weeks. Evidence of sustained glucose excretion was seen in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus given dapagliflozin 10 mg/day for up to 2 years.

This urinary glucose excretion with dapagliflozin also results in osmotic diuresis and increases in urinary volume in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Urinary volume increases in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg were sustained at 12 weeks and amounted to approximately 375 mL/day. The increase in urinary volume was associated with a small and transient increase in urinary sodium excretion that was not associated with changes in serum sodium concentrations.

Urinary uric acid excretion was also increased transiently (for 3-7 days) and accompanied by a sustained reduction in serum uric acid concentration. At 24 weeks, reductions in serum uric acid concentrations ranged from -48.3 to -18.3 micromoles/L (-0.87 to -0.33 mg/dL).

Clinical efficacy and safety

Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Improvement of glycaemic control and reduction of cardiovascular and renal morbidity and mortality are integral parts of the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Fourteen double-blind, randomised, controlled clinical studies were conducted with 7,056 adult subjects with type 2 diabetes to evaluate the glycaemic efficacy and safety of Forxiga; 4,737 subjects in these studies were treated with dapagliflozin. Twelve studies had a treatment period of 24 weeks duration, 8 with long-term extensions ranging from 24 to 80 weeks (up to a total study duration of 104 weeks), one study had a 28-week treatment period, and one study was 52 weeks in duration with long-term extensions of 52 and 104 weeks (total study duration of 208 weeks).
Mean duration of diabetes ranged from 1.4 to 16.9 years. Fifty percent (50%) had mild renal impairment and 11% had moderate renal impairment. Fifty-one percent (51%) of the subjects were men, 84% were White, 8% were Asian, 4% were Black and 4% were of other racial groups. Eighty- one percent (81%) of the subjects had a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 27. Furthermore, two 12-week, 
placebo-controlled studies were conducted in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension.

A cardiovascular outcomes study (DECLARE) was conducted with dapagliflozin 10 mg compared with placebo in 17,160 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with or without established cardiovascular disease to evaluate the effect on cardiovascular and renal events.

Glycaemic control
Monotherapy
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 24-week duration (with an additional extension period) was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of monotherapy with Forxiga in subjects with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Once-daily treatment with dapagliflozin resulted in statistically significant (p < 0.0001) reductions in HbA1c compared to placebo (Table 3).

In the extension period, HbA1c reductions were sustained through week 102 (-0.61%, and -0.17% adjusted mean change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively).

Table 2. Results at week 24 (LOCFa) of a placebo-controlled study of dapagliflozin as monotherapy
Monotherapy
Dapagliflozin                   Placebo
10 mg
Nb                                        70                          75 HbA1c (%)                                8.01                        7.79 Baseline (mean)                         -0.89                       -0.23 Change from baselinec                   -0.66*
Difference from placebo c          (-0.96, -0.36)
(95% CI)
Subjects (%) achieving:                 50.8§                        31.6 HbA1c < 7%
Adjusted for baseline
Body weight (kg)                        94.13                      88.77 Baseline (mean)                         -3.16                       -2.19 Change from baselinec                   -0.97
Difference from placeboc            (-2.20, 0.25)
(95% CI) aLOCF:  Last observation (prior to rescue for rescued subjects) carried forward bAllrandomised subjects who took at least one dose of double-blind study medicinal product during the short-term double-blind period cLeast squares mean adjusted for baseline value
*p-value < 0.0001 versus placebo
§ Not evaluated for statistical significance as a result of the sequential testing procedure for secondary end points 

Add-on combination therapy
In a 52-week, active-controlled non-inferiority study (with 52- and 104-week extension periods), Forxiga was evaluated as add-on therapy to metformin compared with a sulphonylurea (glipizide) as add-on therapy to metformin in subjects with inadequate glycaemic control (HbA1c > 6.5% and ≤ 10%). The results showed a similar mean reduction in HbA1c from baseline to week 52, compared to glipizide, thus demonstrating non-inferiority (Table 3). At week 104, adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.32% for dapagliflozin and -0.14% for glipizide. At week 208, adjusted mean change from baseline in HbA1c was -0.10% for dapagliflozin and 0.20% for glipizide. At 52, 104 and 208 weeks, a significantly lower proportion of subjects in the group treated with dapagliflozin (3.5%, 4.3% and 5.0%, respectively) experienced at least one event of hypoglycaemia compared to the group treated with glipizide (40.8%, 47.0% and 50.0%, respectively). The proportion of subjects remaining in the study at week 104 and week 208 was 

56.2% and 39.7% for the group treated with dapagliflozin and 50.0% and 34.6% for the group treated with glipizide.

Table 3. Results at week 52 (LOCFa) in an active-controlled study comparing dapagliflozin to glipizide as add-on to metformin
Parameter                                Dapagliflozin +       Glipizide + metformin metformin
Nb                                               400                     401 HbA1c (%)                                        7.69                    7.74 Baseline (mean)                                 -0.52                   -0.52 Change from baselinec                           0.00d
Difference from glipizide +                 (-0.11, 0.11) metforminc
(95% CI)
Body weight (kg)                                88.44                  87.60 Baseline (mean)                                 -3.22                    1.44 Change from baselinec                           -4.65*
Difference from glipizide +                (-5.14, -4.17) metforminc
(95% CI)
 aLOCF:  Last observation carried forward bRandomised    and treated subjects with baseline and at least 1 post-baseline efficacy measurement cLeast squares mean adjusted for baseline value dNon-inferior to glipizide + metformin
*p-value < 0.0001


Dapagliflozin as an add-on with either metformin, glimepiride, metformin and a sulphonylurea, sitagliptin (with or without metformin) or insulin resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c at 24 weeks compared with subjects receiving placebo (p < 0.0001; Tables 4, 5 and 6).

The reductions in HbA1c observed at week 24 were sustained in add-on combination studies (glimepiride and insulin) with 48-week data (glimepiride) and up to 104-week data (insulin). At week 48 when added to sitagliptin (with or without metformin), the adjusted mean change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo was -0.30% and 0.38%, respectively. For the add-on to metformin study, HbA1c reductions were sustained through week 102 (-0.78% and 0.02% adjusted mean change from baseline for 10 mg and placebo, respectively). At week 104 for insulin (with or without additional oral glucose-lowering medicinal products), the HbA1c reductions were -0.71% and -0.06% adjusted mean change from baseline for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively. At weeks 48 and 104, the insulin dose remained stable compared to baseline in subjects treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg at an average dose of 76 IU/day. In the placebo group there was a mean increase of 10.5 IU/day and 18.3 IU/day from baseline (mean average dose of 84 and 92 IU/day) at weeks 48 and 104, respectively. The proportion of subjects remaining in the study at week 104 was 72.4% for the group treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg and 54.8% for the placebo group.

Table 4. Results of 24-week (LOCFa) placebo-controlled studies of dapagliflozin in add-on combination with metformin or sitagliptin (with or without metformin) Add-on combination
Metformin 1              DPP-4 inhibitor (sitagliptin2) ± metformin1
Dapagliflozin Placebo          Dapagliflozin            Placebo
10 mg                         10 mg
Nb                             135           137              223                   224 HbA1c (%)                      7.92          8.11            7.90                   7.97 
Baseline (mean)                        -0.84             -0.30                -0.45                       0.04 Change from baselinec                  -0.54*                                 -0.48* Difference from placeboc           (-0.74, -0.34)                         (-0.62, -0.34) (95% CI)
Subjects (%) achieving:                40.6**            25.9
HbA1c < 7%
Adjusted for baseline
Body weight (kg)                       86.28             87.74                91.02                      89.23 Baseline (mean)                        -2.86             -0.89                -2.14                      -0.26 Change from baselinec                  -1.97*                                 -1.89* Difference from placeboc           (-2.63, -1.31)                         (-2.37, -1.40) (95% CI)
1Metformin  ≥ 1500 mg/day; 2sitagliptin 100 mg/day aLOCF:   Last observation (prior to rescue for rescued subjects) carried forward bAll randomised subjects who took at least one dose of double-blind study medicinal product during the short-term  double-blind period cLeast squares mean adjusted for baseline value
*p-value < 0.0001 versus placebo + oral glucose-lowering medicinal product **p-value < 0.05 versus placebo + oral glucose-lowering medicinal product 

Table 5. Results of 24-week placebo-controlled studies of dapagliflozin in add-on combination with sulphonylurea (glimepiride) or metformin and a sulphonylurea Add-on combination
Sulphonylurea (glimepiride1) Sulphonylurea + metformin2
Dapagliflozin    Placebo      Dapagliflozin      Placebo
10 mg                        10 mg
Na                                151          145             108              108 HbA1c (%)   b                     8.07         8.15           8.08              8.24 Baseline (mean)                  -0.82        -0.13           -0.86            -0.17 Change from baselinec           -0.68*                       −0.69* Difference from placebo c   (-0.86, -0.51)               (−0.89, −0.49) (95% CI)
Subjects (%) achieving:          31.7*         13.0           31.8*             11.1 HbA1c < 7% (LOCF)     d

Adjusted for baseline
Body weight (kg) (LOCF)d        80.56         80.94          88.57            90.07 Baseline (mean)                  -2.26        -0.72           -2.65            -0.58 Change from baselinec           -1.54*                       −2.07* Difference from placeboc    (-2.17, -0.92)               (−2.79, −1.35) (95% CI)
1glimepiride  4 mg/day;
2Metformin   (immediate- or extended-release formulations) ≥1500 mg/day plus maximum tolerated dose, which must be at least half maximum dose, of a sulphonylurea for at least 8 weeks prior to enrollment.
aRandomised and treated patients with baseline and at least 1 post-baseline efficacy measurement.
bColumns 1 and 2, HbA1c analyzed using LOCF (see footnote d); Columns 3 and 4, HbA1c analyzed using LRM (see  footnote e) cLeast squares mean adjusted for baseline value dLOCF: Last observation (prior to rescue for rescued subjects) carried forward eLRM: Longitudinal repeated measures analysis
*p-value < 0.0001 versus placebo + oral glucose-lowering medicinal product(s) 

Table 6. Results at week 24 (LOCFa) in a placebo-controlled study of dapagliflozin in combination with insulin (alone or with oral glucose-lowering medicinal products) Parameter                        Dapagliflozin 10 mg + insulin ±     Placebo + insulin ± oral oral glucose-lowering medicinal glucose-lowering medicinal products2                      products2
Nb                                             194                             193 
HbA1c (%)                                                     8.58                                         8.46 Baseline (mean)                                              -0.90                                        -0.30 Change from baselinec                                        -0.60*
Difference from placeboc                                 (-0.74, -0.45) (95% CI)
Body weight (kg)                                             94.63                                       94.21 Baseline (mean)                                              -1.67                                        0.02 Change from baselinec                                        -1.68*
Difference from placeboc                                 (-2.19, -1.18) (95% CI)
Mean daily insulin dose (IU)1
Baseline (mean)                                              77.96                                       73.96 Change from baselinec                                        -1.16                                        5.08 Difference from placeboc                                     -6.23*
(95% CI)                                                 (-8.84, -3.63) Subjects with mean daily insulin dose reduction of at least 10% (%)                                                 19.7**                                      11.0 aLOCF:   Last observation (prior to or on the date of the first insulin up-titration, if needed) carried forward bAll randomised subjects who took at least one dose of double-blind study medicinal product during the short-term  double-blind period cLeast squares mean adjusted for baseline value and presence of oral glucose-lowering medicinal product *p-value < 0.0001 versus placebo + insulin ± oral glucose-lowering medicinal product **p-value < 0.05 versus placebo + insulin ± oral glucose-lowering medicinal product 1Up-titration of insulin regimens (including short-acting, intermediate, and basal insulin) was only allowed if subjects met  pre-defined FPG criteria.
2Fifty percent of subjects were on insulin monotherapy at baseline; 50% were on 1 or 2 oral glucose-lowering medicinal
 product(s) in addition to insulin: Of this latter group, 80% were on metformin alone, 12% were on metformin plus sulphonylurea therapy, and the rest were on other oral glucose-lowering medicinal products.

In combination with metformin in drug-naive patients
A total of 1,236 drug-naive patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 7.5% and ≤ 12%) participated in two active-controlled studies of 24 weeks duration to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin (5 mg or 10 mg) in combination with metformin in drug-naive patients versus therapy with the monocomponents.

Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg in combination with metformin (up to 2000 mg per day) provided significant improvements in HbA1c compared to the individual components (Table 7), and led to greater reductions in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) (compared to the individual components) and body weight (compared to metformin).

Table 7. Results at week 24 (LOCFa) in an active-controlled study of dapagliflozin and metformin combination therapy in drug-naive patients
Parameter             Dapagliflozin 10 mg Dapagliflozin 10 mg     Metformin + metformin
Nb                            211b                  219b                208b HbA1c (%)
Baseline (mean)               9.10                  9.03              9.03 Change from                   -1.98                 -1.45             -1.44 baselinec
Difference from              -0.53* dapagliflozinc
(95% CI)                 (−0.74, −0.32)
Difference from              −0.54*                −0.01 metforminc
(95% CI)                 (−0.75, −0.33)         (−0.22, 0.20) aLOCF:   last observation (prior to rescue for rescued patients) carried forward.


bAllrandomised patients who took at least one dose of double-blind study medicinal product during the short-term double-blind period.
cLeast squares mean adjusted for baseline value.

*p-value <0.0001.

Combination therapy with prolonged-release exenatide
In a 28-week, double-blind, active comparator-controlled study, the combination of dapagliflozin and prolonged-release exenatide (a GLP-1 receptor agonist) was compared to dapagliflozin alone and prolonged-release exenatide alone in subjects with inadequate glycaemic control on metformin alone (HbA1c ≥ 8% and ≤ 12%). All treatment groups had a reduction in HbA1c compared to baseline. The combination treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide group showed superior reductions in HbA1c from baseline compared to dapagliflozin alone and prolonged-release exenatide alone (Table 8).

Table 8. Results of one 28-week study of dapagliflozin and prolonged-release exenatide versus dapagliflozin alone and prolonged-release exenatide alone, in combination with metformin (intent to treat patients)

Parameter                           Dapagliflozin              Dapagliflozin            Prolonged- 10 mg QD +                10 mg QD+                 release prolonged-release            placebo QW             exenatide 2 mg exenatide 2 mg                                          QW+
QW                                            placebo QD
N                                        228                        230                    227 HbA1c (%)
Baseline (mean)                           9.29                       9.25                   9.26 Change from baselinea                     -1.98                     -1.39                  -1.60 Mean difference in                                                 -0.59*                 -0.38** change from baseline                                           (-0.84, -0.34)          (-0.63, -0.13) between combination and single medicinal product (95% CI)
Subjects (%) achieving                    44.7                      19.1                     26.9 HbA1c < 7%
Body weight (kg)
Baseline (mean)                           92.13                    90.87                   89.12 Change from baselinea                     -3.55                     -2.22                   -1.56 Mean difference in                                                 -1.33*                  -2.00* change from baseline                                           (-2.12, -0.55)          (-2.79, -1.20) between combination and single medicinal product (95% CI)
QD=once daily, QW=once weekly, N=number of patients, CI=confidence interval.
aAdjusted least squares means (LS Means) and treatment group difference(s) in the change from baseline values  at Week 28 are modelled using a mixed model with repeated measures (MMRM) including treatment, region, baseline HbA1c stratum (< 9.0% or ≥ 9.0%), week, and treatment by week interaction as fixed factors, and baseline value as a covariate.
*p < 0.001, **p < 0.01.
P-values are all adjusted p-values for multiplicity.
Analyses exclude measurements post rescue therapy and post premature discontinuation of study medicinal product.


Fasting plasma glucose
Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg as a monotherapy or as an add-on to either metformin, glimepiride, metformin and a sulphonylurea, sitagliptin (with or without metformin) or insulin resulted in statistically significant reductions in FPG (-1.90 to -1.20 mmol/L [-34.2 to -21.7 mg/dL]) compared to placebo (-0.33 to 0.21 mmol/L [-6.0 to 3.8 mg/dL]). This effect was observed at week 1 of treatment and maintained in studies extended through week 104.


Combination therapy of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide resulted in significantly greater reductions in FPG at week 28: -3.66 mmol/L (-65.8 mg/dL), compared to -2.73 mmol/L (-49.2 mg/dL) for dapagliflozin alone (p < 0.001) and -2.54 mmol/L (-45.8 mg/dL) for exenatide alone (p < 0.001).

In a dedicated study in diabetic patients with an eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, treatment with dapagliflozin demonstrated reductions in FPG at week 24: -1.19 mmol/L (-21.46 mg/dL) compared to -0.27 mmol/L (-4.87 mg/dL) for placebo (p=0.001).

Post-prandial glucose
Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to glimepiride resulted in statistically significant reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose at 24 weeks that were maintained up to week 48.

Treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to sitagliptin (with or without metformin) resulted in reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose at 24 weeks that were maintained up to week 48.

Combination therapy of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide resulted in significantly greater reductions in 2-hour post-prandial glucose at week 28 compared to either medicinal product alone.

Body weight
Dapagliflozin 10 mg as an add-on to metformin, glimepiride, metformin and a sulphonylurea, sitagliptin (with or without metformin) or insulin resulted in statistically significant body weight reduction at 24 weeks (p < 0.0001, Tables 4 and 5). These effects were sustained in longer-term studies. At 48 weeks, the difference for dapagliflozin as add-on to sitagliptin (with or without metformin) compared with placebo was -2.22 kg. At 102 weeks, the difference for dapagliflozin as add-on to metformin compared with placebo, or as add-on to insulin compared with placebo was -2.14 and -2.88 kg, respectively.

As an add-on therapy to metformin in an active-controlled non-inferiority study, dapagliflozin resulted in a statistically significant body weight reduction compared with glipizide of -4.65 kg at 52 weeks (p < 0.0001, Table 3) that was sustained at 104 and 208 weeks (-5.06 kg and -4.38 kg, respectively).

The combination of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide demonstrated significantly greater weight reductions compared to either medicinal product alone (Table 8).

A 24-week study in 182 diabetic subjects using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to evaluate body composition demonstrated reductions with dapagliflozin 10 mg plus metformin compared with placebo plus metformin, respectively, in body weight and body fat mass as measured by DXA rather than lean tissue or fluid loss. Treatment with Forxiga plus metformin showed a numerical decrease in visceral adipose tissue compared with placebo plus metformin treatment in a magnetic resonance imaging substudy.

Blood pressure
In a pre-specified pooled analysis of 13 placebo-controlled studies, treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg resulted in a systolic blood pressure change from baseline of -3.7 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure of -1.8 mmHg versus -0.5 mmHg systolic and -0.5 mmHg diastolic blood pressure for placebo group at week 24. Similar reductions were observed up to 104 weeks.

Combination therapy of dapagliflozin 10 mg and prolonged-release exenatide resulted in a significantly greater reduction in systolic blood pressure at week 28 (-4.3 mmHg) compared to dapagliflozin alone (-1.8 mmHg, p < 0.05) and prolonged-release exenatide alone (-1.2 mmHg, p < 0.01).


In two 12-week, placebo-controlled studies a total of 1,062 patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension (despite pre-existing stable treatment with an ACE-I or ARB in one study and an ACE-I or ARB plus one additional antihypertensive treatment in another study) were treated with dapagliflozin 10 mg or placebo. At week 12 for both studies, dapagliflozin 10 mg plus usual antidiabetic treatment provided improvement in HbA1c and decreased the placebo- corrected systolic blood pressure on average by 3.1 and 4.3 mmHg, respectively.

In a dedicated study in diabetic patients with an eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, treatment with dapagliflozin demonstrated reductions in seated systolic blood pressure at week 24: -4.8 mmHg compared to -1.7 mmHg for placebo (p < 0.05).

Glycaemic control in patients with moderate renal impairment CKD 3A
(eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2)
The efficacy of dapagliflozin was assessed in a dedicated study in diabetic patients with an eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 who had inadequate glycaemic control on usual care.
Treatment with dapagliflozin resulted in reductions in HbA1c and body weight compared with placebo (Table 9).

Table 9. Results at week 24 of a placebo-controlled study of dapagliflozin in diabetic patients with an eGFR ≥ 45 to < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2
Dapagliflozina               Placeboa
10 mg
Nb                                                   159                      161 HbA1c (%)
Baseline (mean)                                      8.35                     8.03 Change from baselineb                               -0.37                    -0.03 Difference from placebob                            -0.34*
(95% CI)                                    (-0.53, -0.15)
Body weight (kg)
Baseline (mean)                                    92.51                     88.30 Percent change from baselinec                       -3.42                    -2.02 Difference in percent change from                  -1.43* placeboc
(-2.15, -0.69)
(95% CI) a Metformin or metformin hydrochloride were part of the usual care in 69.4% and 64.0% of the patients for the dapagliflozin and placebo groups, respectively.
b Least squares mean adjusted for baseline value c Derived from least squares mean adjusted for baseline value
* p<0.001


Patients with baseline HbA1c ≥ 9%
In a pre-specified analysis of subjects with baseline HbA1c ≥ 9.0%, treatment with dapagliflozin 10 mg resulted in statistically significant reductions in HbA1c at week 24 as a monotherapy (adjusted mean change from baseline: - 2.04% and 0.19% for dapagliflozin 10 mg and placebo, respectively) and as an add-on to metformin (adjusted mean change from baseline: -1.32% and -0.53% for dapagliflozin and placebo, respectively).

Cardiovascular and renal outcomes
Dapagliflozin Effect on Cardiovascular Events (DECLARE) was an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study conducted to determine the effect of dapagliflozin compared with placebo on cardiovascular outcomes when added to current background therapy. All patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus and either at least two additional cardiovascular risk factors (age ≥ 55 years in men or ≥ 60 years in women and one or more of dyslipidaemia, hypertension or current tobacco use) or established cardiovascular disease.

Of 17,160 randomised patients, 6,974 (40.6%) had established cardiovascular disease and 10,186 (59.4%) did not have established cardiovascular disease. 8,582 patients were randomised to dapagliflozin 10 mg and 8,578 to placebo, and were followed for a median of 4.2 years.

The mean age of the study population was 63.9 years, 37.4% were female. In total, 22.4% had had diabetes for ≤ 5 years, mean duration of diabetes was 11.9 years. Mean HbA1c was 8.3% and mean BMI was 32.1 kg/m2.

At baseline, 10.0% of patients had a history of heart failure. Mean eGFR was 85.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, 7.4% of patients had eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 30.3% of patients had micro- or macroalbuminuria (UACR ≥ 30 to ≤ 300 mg/g or > 300 mg/g, respectively).

Most patients (98%) used one or more diabetic medicinal products at baseline, including metformin (82%), insulin (41%) and sulfonylurea (43%),


The primary endpoints were time to first event of the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke (MACE) and time to first event of the composite of hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death. The secondary endpoints were a renal composite endpoint and all-cause mortality.

Major adverse cardiovascular events
Dapagliflozin 10 mg demonstrated non-inferiority versus placebo for the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction or ischaemic stroke (one-sided p < 0.001).

Heart failure or cardiovascular death
Dapagliflozin 10 mg demonstrated superiority versus placebo in preventing the composite of hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death (Figure 1). The difference in treatment effect was driven by hospitalisation for heart failure, with no difference in cardiovascular death (Figure 2).

The treatment benefit of dapagliflozin over placebo was observed both in patients with and without established cardiovascular disease, with and without heart failure at baseline, and was consistent across key subgroups, including age, gender, renal function (eGFR) and region.

Figure 1: Time to first occurrence of hospitalisation for heart failure or cardiovascular death 


Patients at risk is the number of patients at risk at the beginning of the period.
HR=Hazard ratio CI=Confidence interval.



Results on primary and secondary endpoints are displayed in Figure 2. Superiority of dapagliflozin over placebo was not demonstrated for MACE (p=0.172). The renal composite endpoint and all- cause mortality were therefore not tested as part of the confirmatory testing procedure.

Figure 2: Treatment effects for the primary composite endpoints and their components, and the secondary endpoints and components

Dapagliflozin    Placebo    Hazard Ratio        p-value n (%)         n (%)      (95% CI)
(N=8582)      (N=8578)

Primary endpoints
Composite of hospitalisation for                                                               417 (4.9)     496 (5.8)   0.83 (0.73, 0.95)    0.005 heart failure/cardiovascular death

Composite of cardiovascular death/                                                             756 (8.8)     803 (9.4)   0.93 (0.84, 1.03)    0.172 myocardial infarction/ischaemic stroke


Components of the composite endpoints
Hospitalisation for heart failure                                                           212 (2.5)     286 (3.3)   0.73 (0.61, 0.88)    <0.001 Cardiovascular death                                                                        245 (2.9)     249 (2.9)   0.98 (0.82, 1.17)     0.830 Myocardial infarction                                                                       393 (4.6)     441 (5.1)   0.89 (0.77, 1.01)     0.080 Ischaemic stroke                                                                            235 (2.7)     231 (2.7)   1.01 (0.84, 1.21)     0.916 
Secondary endpoints
Renal composite endpoint
370 (4.3)     480 (5.6)   0.76 (0.67, 0.87)    <0.001
Renal components:
Sustained eGFR decrease                                                                     120 (1.4)     221 (2.6)   0.54 (0.43, 0.67)    <0.001 End-stage kidney disease                                                                     6 (<0.1)     19 (0.2)    0.31 (0.13, 0.79)     0.013 Renal death                                                                                  6 (<0.1)     10 (0.1)    0.60 (0.22, 1.65)     0.324 
All-cause mortality                                                                            529 (6.2)     570( 6.6)   0.93 (0.82, 1.04)    0.198 
Dapagliflozin Better               Placebo Better

0.2         0.4   0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.6


Renal composite endpoint defined as: sustained confirmed ≥ 40% decrease in eGFR to eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 and/or end-stage kidney disease (dialysis ≥ 90 days or kidney transplantation, sustained confirmed eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) and/or renal or cardiovascular death.
p-values are two-sided. p-values for the secondary endpoints and for single components are nominal. Time to first event was analysed in a Cox proportional hazards model. The number of first events for the single components are the actual number of first events for each component and does not add up to the number of events in the composite endpoint.
CI=confidence interval.

Nephropathy
Dapagliflozin reduced the incidence of events of the composite of confirmed sustained eGFR decrease, end-stage kidney disease, renal or cardiovascular death. The difference between groups was driven by reductions in events of the renal components; sustained eGFR decrease, end-stage kidney disease and renal death (Figure 2).

The hazard ratio (HR) for time to nephropathy (sustained eGFR decrease, end-stage kidney disease and renal death) was 0.53 (95% CI 0.43, 0.66) for dapagliflozin versus placebo.

In addition, dapagliflozin reduced the new onset of sustained albuminuria (HR 0.79 [95% CI 0.72, 0.87]) and led to greater regression of macroalbuminuria (HR 1.82 [95% CI 1.51, 2.20]) compared with placebo.

Heart failure

DAPA-HF study: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (LVEF ≤ 40%) 
Dapagliflozin And Prevention of Adverse outcomes in Heart Failure (DAPA-HF) was an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with heart failure (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class II-IV) with reduced ejection fraction (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤ 40%) to determine the effect of dapagliflozin compared with placebo, when added to background standard of care therapy, on the incidence of cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure.
Of 4,744 patients, 2,373 were randomised to dapagliflozin 10 mg and 2,371 to placebo and followed for a median of 18 months. The mean age of the study population was 66 years, 77% were male.

At baseline, 67.5% of the patients were classified as NYHA class II, 31.6% class III, and 0.9% class IV, median LVEF was 32%, 56% of the heart failures were ischaemic, 36% were non- ischaemic and 8% were of unknown aetiology. In each treatment group, 42% of the patients had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus, and an additional 3% of the patients in each group were classified as having type 2 diabetes mellitus based on a HbA1c ≥6.5% at both enrolment and randomisation. Patients were on standard of care therapy; 94% of patients were treated with ACE-I , ARB or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI, 11%), 96% with beta-blocker, 71% with mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA), 93% with diuretic, and 26% had an implantable device (with defibrillator function).

Patients with eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 at enrolment were included in the study. The mean eGFR was 66 mL/min/1.73 m2, 41% of patients had eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73 m2 and 15% had eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure
Dapagliflozin was superior to placebo in preventing the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, hospitalisation for heart failure or urgent heart failure visit (HR 0.74 [95% CI 0.65, 0.85], p<0.0001). The effect was observed early and was sustained throughout the duration of the study (Figure 3).



Figure 3: Time to first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalisation for heart failure or urgent heart failure visit



An urgent heart failure visit was defined as an urgent, unplanned, assessment by a physician, e.g. in an Emergency Department, and requiring treatment for worsening heart failure (other than just an increase in oral diuretics).
Patients at risk is the number of patients at risk at the beginning of the period.


All three components of the primary composite endpoint individually contributed to the treatment effect (Figure 4). There were few urgent heart failure visits.



Figure 4: Treatment effects for the primary composite endpoint, its components and all- cause mortality



An urgent heart failure visit was defined as an urgent, unplanned, assessment by a physician, e.g. in an Emergency Department, and requiring treatment for worsening heart failure (other than just an increase in oral diuretics).
The number of first events for the single components are the actual number of first events for each component and does not add up to the number of events in the composite endpoint.
Event rates are presented as the number of subjects with event per 100 patient years of follow-up.
p-values for single components and all-cause mortality are nominal.


Dapagliflozin also reduced the total number of events of hospitalisations for heart failure (first and recurrent) and cardiovascular death; there were 567 events in the dapagliflozin group versus 742 events in the placebo group (Rate Ratio 0.75 [95% CI 0.65, 0.88]; p=0.0002).

The treatment benefit of dapagliflozin was observed in heart failure patients both with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without diabetes. Dapagliflozin reduced the primary composite endpoint of incidence of cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure with a HR of 0.75 (95% CI 0.63, 0.90) in patients with diabetes and 0.73 (95% CI 0.60, 0.88) in patients without diabetes.

The treatment benefit of dapagliflozin over placebo on the primary endpoint was also consistent across other key subgroups, including concomitant heart failure therapy, renal function (eGFR), age, gender, and region.

Patient reported outcome – heart failure symptoms
The treatment effect of dapagliflozin on heart failure symptoms was assessed by the Total Symptom Score of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ-TSS), which quantifies heart failure symptom frequency and severity, including fatigue, peripheral oedema, dyspnoea and orthopnoea. The score ranges from 0 to 100, with higher scores representing better health status.


Treatment with dapagliflozin resulted in a statistically significant and clinically meaningful benefit over placebo in heart failure symptoms, as measured by change from baseline at month 8 in the KCCQ-TSS, (Win Ratio 1.18 [95% CI 1.11, 1.26]; p < 0.0001). Both symptom frequency and symptom burden contributed to the results. Benefit was seen both in improving heart failure symptoms and in preventing deterioration of heart failure symptoms.

In responder analyses, the proportion of patients with a clinically meaningful improvement on the KCCQ-TSS from baseline at 8 months, defined as 5 points or more, was higher for the dapagliflozin treatment group compared with placebo. The proportion of patients with a clinically meaningful deterioration, defined as 5 points or more, was lower for the dapagliflozin treatment group compared to placebo. The benefits observed with dapagliflozin remained when applying more conservative cut-offs for larger clinically meaningful change (Table 10).

Table 10. Number and percent of patients with clinically meaningful improvement and deterioration on the KCCQ-TSS at 8 months
Dapagliflozin         Placebo
Change from baseline at        10 mg
8 months:                                        na=2062 a n =2086
Improvement                               n (%)                  n (%)             Odds ratioc       p-valuef improvedb              improvedb            (95% CI)
≥ 5 points                               933 (44.7)             794 (38.5)              1.14             0.0002 (1.06, 1.22)
≥ 10 points                              689 (33.0)             579 (28.1)              1.13             0.0018 (1.05, 1.22)
≥ 15 points                              474 (22.7)             406 (19.7)              1.10             0.0300 (1.01, 1.19)
Deterioration                             n (%)                   n (%)            Odds ratioe         p-valuef deterioratedd           deterioratedd         (95% CI)
≥ 5 points                               537 (25.7)             693 (33.6)              0.84            <0.0001 (0.78, 0.89)
≥ 10 points                              395 (18.9)             506 (24.5)              0.85            <0.0001 (0.79, 0.92) a Number of patients with an observed KCCQ-TSS or who died prior to 8 months.
b Number of patients who had an observed improvement of at least 5, 10 or 15 points from baseline. Patients who died prior to the given timepoint are counted as not improved.
c For improvement, an odds ratio > 1 favours dapagliflozin 10 mg.
 d Number of patients who had an observed deterioration of at least 5 or 10 points from baseline. Patients who died  prior to the given timepoint are counted as deteriorated.
e For deterioration, an odds ratio < 1 favours dapagliflozin 10 mg.
 f p-values are nominal.


Nephropathy
There were few events of the renal composite endpoint (confirmed sustained ≥ 50% eGFR decrease, ESKD, or renal death); the incidence was 1.2% in the dapagliflozin group and 1.6% in the placebo group.

DELIVER study: Heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction > 40% Dapagliflozin Evaluation to Improve the LIVEs of Patients with PReserved Ejection Fraction Heart Failure (DELIVER) was an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients aged ≥ 40 years with heart failure (NYHA class II-IV) with LVEF > 40% and evidence of structural heart disease, to determine the effect of dapagliflozin compared with placebo on the incidence of cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure.

Of 6,263 patients, 3,131 were randomised to dapagliflozin 10 mg and 3,132 to placebo and followed for a median of 28 months. The study included 654 (10%) subacute heart failure patients 
(defined as randomised during hospitalisation for heart failure or within 30 days of discharge). The mean age of the study population was 72 years and 56% were male.

At baseline, 75% patients were classified as NYHA class II, 24% class III and 0.3% class IV.
Median LVEF was 54%, 34% of the patients had LVEF ≤ 49%, 36% had LVEF 50-59% and 30% had LVEF ≥ 60%. In each treatment group, 45% had a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Baseline therapy included ACEi/ARB/ARNI (77%), beta-blockers (83%) diuretics (98%) and MRA (43%).

The mean eGFR was 61 mL/min/1.73 m2, 49% of patients had eGFR < 60mL/min/1.73 m2, 23% had eGFR < 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, and 3% had eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2.

Dapagliflozin was superior to placebo in reducing the incidence of the primary composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, hospitalisation for heart failure or urgent heart failure visit (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.73, 0.92]; p=0.0008) (Figure 5).

Figure 5: Time to first occurrence of the composite of cardiovascular death, hospitalisation for heart failure or urgent heart failure visit


Placebo


Dapagliflozin
Patients with event (%)



Dapagliflozin vs. Placebo

HR (95% CI): 0.82 (0.73, 0.92)    P-value: 0.0008


Months from randomisation
Patients at risk
Dapagliflozin:
Placebo:
An urgent heart failure visit was defined as an urgent, unplanned, assessment by a physician, e.g. in an Emergency Department, and requiring treatment for worsening heart failure (other than just an increase in oral diuretics).
Patients at risk is the number of patients at risk at the beginning of the period.


Figure 6 presents the contribution of the three components of the primary composite endpoint to the treatment effect.



Figure 6: Treatment effects for the primary composite endpoint and its components 


An urgent heart failure visit was defined as an urgent, unplanned, assessment by a physician, e.g. in an Emergency Department, and requiring treatment for worsening heart failure (other than just an increase in oral diuretics).
The number of first events for the single components are the actual number of first events for each component and does not add up to the number of events in the composite endpoint.
Event rates are presented as the number of subjects with event per 100 patient years of follow-up.
Cardiovascular death, here presented as a component of the primary endpoint, was also tested under formal Type 1 error control as a secondary endpoint.


Dapagliflozin was superior to placebo in reducing the total number of heart failure events (defined as first and recurrent hospitalisation for heart failure or urgent heart failure visits) and cardiovascular death; there were 815 events in the dapagliflozin group versus 1057 events in the placebo group (Rate Ratio 0.77 [95% CI 0.67, 0.89]; p=0.0003).

The treatment benefit of dapagliflozin over placebo on the primary endpoint was observed across subgroups of patients with LVEF ≤ 49%, 50–59%, and ≥ 60%. Effects were also consistent across other key subgroups categorised by e.g. age, gender, NYHA class, NT-proBNP level, subacute status, and type 2 diabetes mellitus status.

Patient reported outcome – heart failure symptoms
Treatment with dapagliflozin resulted in a statistically significant benefit over placebo in heart failure symptoms, as measured by change from baseline at month 8 in the KCCQ-TSS, (Win Ratio 1.11 [95% CI 1.03, 1.21]; p=0.0086). Both symptom frequency and symptom burden contributed to the results.

In responder analyses, the proportion of patients who experienced a moderate (≥ 5 points) or large (≥ 14 points) deterioration on the KCCQ-TSS from baseline at 8 months was lower in the dapagliflozin treatment group; 24.1% of patients on dapagliflozin versus 29.1% on placebo experienced a moderate deterioration (Odds Ratio 0.78 [95% CI 0.64, 0.95]) and 13.5% of patients on dapagliflozin versus 18.4% on placebo experienced a large deterioration (Odds Ratio 0.70 [95% CI 0.55, 0.88]). The proportion of patients with a small to moderate improvement (≥ 13 points) or a large improvement (≥ 17 points) did not differ between treatment groups.



Heart failure across DAPA-HF and DELIVER studies
In a pooled analysis of DAPA-HF and DELIVER, the HR for dapagliflozin versus placebo on the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death, hospitalisation for heart failure or urgent heart failure visit was 0.78 (95% CI 0.72, 0.85), p < 0.0001. The treatment effect was consistent across the LVEF range, without attenuation of effect by LVEF.

In a pre-specified subject level pooled analysis of the DAPA-HF and DELIVER studies, dapagliflozin compared with placebo reduced the risk of cardiovascular death (HR 0.85 [95% CI 0.75, 0.96], p=0.0115). Both studies contributed to the effect.

Chronic Kidney Disease

The Study to Evaluate the Effect of Dapagliflozin on Renal Outcomes and Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease (DAPA-CKD) was an international, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with eGFR ≥ 25 to ≤ 75 mL/min/1.73 m2 and albuminuria (UACR ≥ 200 and ≤ 5000 mg/g) to determine the effect of dapagliflozin compared with placebo, when added to background standard of care therapy, on the incidence of the composite endpoint of ≥ 50% sustained decline in eGFR, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) (defined as sustained eGFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2, chronic dialysis treatment or receiving a renal transplant), cardiovascular or renal death.

Of 4,304 patients, 2,152 were randomised to dapagliflozin 10 mg and 2,152 to placebo and followed for a median of 28.5 months. Treatment was continued if eGFR fell to levels below 25 mL/min/1.73 m2 during the study and could be continued in cases when dialysis was needed.

The mean age of the study population was 61.8 years, 66.9% were male. At baseline, mean eGFR was 43.1 mL/min/1.73 m2 and median UACR was 949.3 mg/g, 44.1% of patients had eGFR 30 to < 45 mL/min/1.73m2 and 14.5% had eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73m2. 67.5% of the patients had type 2 diabetes mellitus. Patients were on standard of care (SOC) therapy; 97.0% of patients were treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEi) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB).

The study was stopped early for efficacy prior to the planned analysis based on a recommendation by the independent Data Monitoring Committee. Dapagliflozin was superior to placebo in preventing the primary composite endpoint of ≥50% sustained decline in eGFR, reaching end- stage kidney disease, cardiovascular or renal death. Based on the Kaplan-Meier plot for the time to first occurrence of the primary composite endpoint, the treatment effect was evident beginning at 4 months and was maintained through the end of study (Figure 7).



Figure 7: Time to first occurrence of the primary composite endpoint, ≥50%sustained decline in eGFR, end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular or renal death 


Patients at risk is the number of patients at risk at the beginning of the period.

All four components of the primary composite endpoint individually contributed to the treatment effect. Dapagliflozin also reduced the incidence of the composite endpoint of ≥ 50% sustained decline in eGFR, end-stage kidney disease or renal death and the composite endpoint of cardiovascular death and hospitalisation for heart failure. Treatment with dapagliflozin improved overall survival in chronic kidney disease patients with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Treatment effects for the primary and secondary composite endpoints, their individual components, and all-cause mortality



The number of first events for the single components are the actual number of first events for each component and does not add up to the number of events in the composite endpoint.
Event rates are presented as the number of subjects with event per 100 patient years of follow-up.
Hazard ratio estimates are not presented for subgroups with less than 15 events in total, both arms combined.

The treatment benefit of dapagliflozin was consistent in chronic kidney disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without diabetes. Dapagliflozin reduced the primary composite endpoint of ≥ 50% sustained decline in eGFR, reaching end-stage kidney disease, cardiovascular or renal death with a HR of 0.64 (95% CI 0.52, 0.79) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 0.50 (95% CI 0.35, 0.72) in patients without diabetes.



The treatment benefit of dapagliflozin over placebo on the primary endpoint was also consistent across other key subgroups, including eGFR, age, gender, and region.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

5.2 Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption
Dapagliflozin was rapidly and well absorbed after oral administration. Maximum dapagliflozin plasma concentrations (Cmax) were usually attained within 2 hours after administration in the fasted state. Geometric mean steady-state dapagliflozin Cmax and AUCτ values following once daily 10 mg doses of dapagliflozin were 158 ng/mL and 628 ng h/mL, respectively. The absolute oral bioavailability of dapagliflozin following the administration of a 10 mg dose is 78%. Administration with a high-fat meal decreased dapagliflozin Cmax by up to 50% and prolonged Tmax by approximately 1 hour, but did not alter AUC as compared with the fasted state. These changes are not considered to be clinically meaningful. Hence, Forxiga can be administered with or without food.

Distribution
Dapagliflozin is approximately 91% protein bound. Protein binding was not altered in various disease states (e.g. renal or hepatic impairment). The mean steady-state volume of distribution of dapagliflozin was 118 liters.

Biotransformation
Dapagliflozin is extensively metabolised, primarily to yield dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide, which is an inactive metabolite. Dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide or other metabolites do not contribute to the glucose-lowering effects. The formation of dapagliflozin 3-O-glucuronide is mediated by UGT1A9, an enzyme present in the liver and kidney, and CYP-mediated metabolism was a minor clearance pathway in humans.

Elimination
The mean plasma terminal half-life (t1/2) for dapagliflozin was 12.9 hours following a single oral dose of dapagliflozin 10 mg to healthy subjects. The mean total systemic clearance of dapagliflozin administered intravenously was 207 mL/min. Dapagliflozin and related metabolites are primarily eliminated via urinary excretion with less than 2% as unchanged dapagliflozin. After administration of a 50 mg [14C]-dapagliflozin dose, 96% was recovered, 75% in urine and 21% in faeces. In faeces, approximately 15% of the dose was excreted as parent drug.

Linearity
Dapagliflozin exposure increased proportional to the increment in dapagliflozin dose over the range of 0.1 to 500 mg and its pharmacokinetics did not change with time upon repeated daily dosing for up to 24 weeks.

Special populations

Renal impairment
At steady-state (20 mg once-daily dapagliflozin for 7 days), subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and mild, moderate or severe renal impairment (as determined by iohexol plasma clearance) had mean systemic exposures of dapagliflozin of 32%, 60% and 87% higher, respectively, than those of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal renal function. The steady-state 24-hour urinary glucose excretion was highly dependent on renal function and 85, 52, 18 and 11 g of glucose/day was excreted by subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus and normal renal function or mild, moderate or severe renal impairment, respectively. The impact of haemodialysis on dapagliflozin exposure is not known. The effect of reduced renal function on systemic exposure was evaluated in a population pharmacokinetic model. Consistent with previous results, model predicted AUC was higher in patients with chronic kidney disease compared with patients with normal renal function, and was not meaningfully different in chronic kidney disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and without diabetes.

Hepatic impairment
In subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh classes A and B), mean Cmax and AUC of dapagliflozin were up to 12% and 36% higher, respectively, compared to healthy matched control subjects. These differences were not considered to be clinically meaningful. In subjects with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh class C) mean Cmax and AUC of dapagliflozin were 40% and 67% higher than matched healthy controls, respectively.

Elderly (≥ 65 years)
There is no clinically meaningful increase in exposure based on age alone in subjects up to 70 years old. However, an increased exposure due to age-related decrease in renal function can be expected. There are insufficient data to draw conclusions regarding exposure in patients > 70 years old.

Paediatric population
Pharmacokinetics in the paediatric population have not been studied.

Gender
The mean dapagliflozin AUC ss in females was estimated to be about 22% higher than in males.
Race
There were no clinically relevant differences in systemic exposures between White, Black or Asian races.

Body weight
Dapagliflozin exposure was found to decrease with increased weight. Consequently, low-weight patients may have somewhat increased exposure and patients with high weight somewhat decreased exposure. However, the differences in exposure were not considered clinically meaningful.