Pharmacological properties : תכונות פרמקולוגיות

Pharmacodynamic Properties

10.2          Pharmacodynamics
Consistent with inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, dupilumab treatment decreased certain biomarkers of inflammation. In asthma subjects, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and circulating concentrations of eotaxin-3, total IgE, allergen specific IgE, TARC, and periostin were decreased relative to placebo. Reductions in these biomarkers were comparable for the 300 mg Q2W and 200 mg Q2W regimens. These markers were near maximal suppression after 2 weeks of treatment, except for IgE which declined more slowly. These effects were sustained throughout treatment. The median percent reduction from baseline in total IgE concentrations with dupilumab treatments was 52% at Week 24 (DRI12544) and 70% at Week 52 (QUEST).
For FeNO, the mean percent reduction from baseline at Week 2 was 35% and 24% in DRI12544 and QUEST respectively, and in the overall safety population, the mean FeNO level decreased to 20 ppb.
Antibody Response to Non-Live Vaccines During DUPIXENT Treatment

In a clinical study, adult subjects with AD were treated once weekly for 16 weeks with 300 mg of DUPIXENT (twice the recommended dosing frequency). After 12 weeks of administration, subjects received a Tdap vaccine and a meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Antibody responses to tetanus toxoid and serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide were assessed 4 weeks later. Antibody responses to both tetanus toxoid and serogroup C meningococcal polysaccharide were similar in DUPIXENT-treated and placebo-treated subjects. Antibody 

responses to the other active components of both vaccines were not assessed. Antibody responses to other non-live vaccines were also not assessed.

Pharmacokinetic Properties

10.3          Pharmacokinetics
The pharmacokinetics of dupilumab is similar in subjects with AD, asthma, CRSwNP, EOE and PN.
Absorption
Following an initial subcutaneous (SC) dose of 600 mg, 400 mg, or 300 mg, dupilumab reached peak mean ± SD concentrations (Cmax) of 70.1±24.1 mcg/mL, 41.8±12.4 mcg/mL, or 30.5±9.39 mcg/mL respectively, by approximately 1 week post dose. Steady-state concentrations were achieved by Week 16 following the administration of 600 mg starting dose and 300 mg dose either weekly or Q2W, or 400 mg starting dose and 200 mg dose Q2W, or 300 mg Q2W without a loading dose. Across clinical trials, the mean ± SD steady-state trough concentrations ranged from 60.3±35.1 mcg/mL to 80.2±35.3 mcg/mL for 300 mg administered Q2W, from 173±75.9 mcg/mL to 195±71.7 mcg/mL for 300 mg administered weekly, and from 29.2±18.7 to 36.5±22.2 mcg/mL for 200 mg administered Q2W.
The bioavailability of dupilumab following a SC dose is similar between AD, asthma, CRSwNP, EOE and PN subjects, ranging between 61% and 64%.
Distribution
The estimated total volume of distribution was approximately 4.8±1.3 L.
Elimination
The metabolic pathway of dupilumab has not been characterized. As a human monoclonal IgG4 antibody, dupilumab is expected to be degraded into small peptides and amino acids via catabolic pathways in the same manner as endogenous IgG. After the last steady-state dose of 300 mg QW, 300 mg Q2W, 200 mg Q2W,300mg Q4W, or 200 mg Q4W dupilumab, the median times to non-detectable concentration (<78 ng/mL) ranged from 9 to 13 weeks in adults and pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age. Population pharmacokinetic analyses indicate the median times to non-detectable concentration are approximately 1.5 times (up to 19 weeks) and 2.5 times (up to 32 weeks) longer in pediatric subjects 6 to 11 years of age and pediatric subjects 6 months to 5 years of age, respectively.
Dose Linearity
Dupilumab exhibited nonlinear target-mediated pharmacokinetics with exposures increasing in a greater than dose-proportional manner. The systemic exposure increased by 30-fold when the dose increased 8-fold following a single dose of dupilumab from 75 mg to 600 mg (i.e., 0.25- times to 2-times the recommended dose).
Weight
Dupilumab trough concentrations were lower in subjects with higher body weight.



Immunogenicity
Development of antibodies to dupilumab was associated with lower serum dupilumab concentrations. A few subjects who had high antibody titers also had no detectable serum dupilumab concentrations.
Specific Populations
Age
Based on population pharmacokinetic analysis, age did not affect dupilumab clearance in adults and in pediatric subjects 6 to 17 years of age. In pediatric subjects 6 months to 5 years of age, clearance increased with age.
Geriatric Patients
No overall differences in the pharmacokinetics of dupilumab were observed between elderly and younger adult subjects.
Pediatric Patients
Atopic Dermatitis
For pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age with AD receiving every other week dosing (Q2W) with either 200 mg (<60 kg) or 300 mg (≥60 kg), the mean ± SD steady-state trough concentration of dupilumab was 54.5±27.0 mcg/mL.
For pediatric subjects 6 to 11 years of age with AD receiving every other week dosing (Q2W) with 200 mg (≥30 kg) or every four week dosing (Q4W) with 300 mg (<30 kg), mean ± SD steady-state trough concentration was 86.0±34.6 mcg/mL and 98.7±33.2 mcg/mL, respectively.
For pediatric subjects 6 months to 5 years of age with AD receiving every four week dosing (Q4W) with 300 mg (≥15 to <30 kg) or 200 mg (≥5 to <15 kg), the mean ± SD steady-state trough concentration was 110±42.8 mcg/mL and 109±50.8 mcg/mL, respectively.
Asthma
A total of 107 pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age with asthma were enrolled in QUEST. The mean ± SD steady-state trough concentrations of dupilumab were 107±51.6 mcg/mL and 46.7±26.9 mcg/mL, respectively, for 300 mg or 200 mg administered Q2W.
In VOYAGE, dupilumab pharmacokinetics was investigated in 270 subjects with moderate-to severe asthma following subcutaneous administration of either 100 mg Q2W (for 91 pediatric subjects weighing <30 kg) or 200 mg Q2W (for 179 pediatric subjects weighing ≥30 kg). The mean ± SD steady-state trough concentration was 58.4±28.0 mcg/mL and 85.1±44.9 mcg/mL, respectively. Simulation of a 300 mg Q4W subcutaneous dose in pediatric subjects 6 to 11 years of age with body weight of ≥15 to <30 kg resulted in predicted steady-state trough concentrations (98.7±41.0 mcg/L) and average concentrations higher than the observed trough concentrations and average concentrations of 100 mg Q2W (<30 kg).



Eosinophilic Esophagitis
In a clinical study (Parts A and B), dupilumab pharmacokinetics were investigated in 35 pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age, weighing at least 40 kg, with EoE, receiving 300 mg QW. The mean ± SD steady-state trough concentration of dupilumab was 227 ± 95.3 mcg/mL.

Drug Interaction Studies
An effect of dupilumab on the PK of co-administered medications is not expected. Based on the population analysis, commonly co-administered medications had no effect on DUPIXENT pharmacokinetics in subjects with moderate-to-severe asthma.
Cytochrome P450 Substrates
The effects of dupilumab on the pharmacokinetics of midazolam (metabolized by CYP3A4), warfarin (metabolized by CYP2C9), omeprazole (metabolized by CYP2C19), metoprolol (metabolized by CYP2D6), and caffeine (metabolized by CYP1A2) were evaluated in a study with 12-13 evaluable subjects with AD (a SC loading dose of 600 mg followed by 300 mg SC weekly for six weeks). No clinically significant changes in AUC were observed. The largest effect was observed for metoprolol (CYP2D6) with an increase in AUC of 29%.

10.4 Immunogenicity
The observed incidence of anti-drug antibodies is highly dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Differences in assay methods preclude meaningful comparisons of the incidence of anti-drug antibodies in the studies described below with the incidence of anti-drug antibodies in other studies, including those of DUPIXENT or of other dupilumab products.

Atopic Dermatitis

Approximately 6% of subjects with AD who received DUPIXENT 300 mg Q2W for 52 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; approximately 2% exhibited persistent ADA responses, and approximately 1% had neutralizing antibodies. Similar results were observed in pediatric subjects 6 months to 11 years of age with AD who received either DUPIXENT 200 mg Q2W, 200 mg Q4W, or 300 mg Q4W.

Approximately 16% of pediatric subjects 12 to 17 years of age with AD who received DUPIXENT 300 mg or 200 mg Q2W for 16 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; approximately 3% exhibited persistent ADA responses, and approximately 5% had neutralizing antibodies.

Asthma

Approximately 5% of subjects with asthma who received DUPIXENT 300 mg Q2W for 52 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; approximately 2% exhibited persistent ADA responses, and approximately 2% had neutralizing antibodies. Similar results were observed in pediatric subjects 6 to 11 years of age with asthma who received either DUPIXENT 100 mg Q2W or 200 mg Q2W up to 52 weeks.


Approximately 9% of subjects with asthma who received DUPIXENT 200 mg Q2W for 52 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; approximately 4% exhibited persistent ADA responses, and approximately 4% had neutralizing antibodies.

Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyposis

Approximately 5% of adult subjects with CRSwNP who received DUPIXENT 300 mg Q2W for 52 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; approximately 2% exhibited persistent ADA responses, and approximately 3% had neutralizing antibodies.

Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Approximately 1% of subjects with EoE who received DUPIXENT 300 mg QW for 52 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; no subjects exhibited persistent ADA responses or had neutralizing antibodies.

Prurigo Nodularis

Approximately 8% of subjects with PN who received DUPIXENT 300 mg Q2W for 24 weeks developed antibodies to DUPIXENT; approximately 1% exhibited persistent ADA responses, and approximately 3% had neutralizing antibodies.

The antibody titers detected in subjects who received DUPIXENT were mostly low. In subjects who received DUPIXENT, development of high titer antibodies to DUPIXENT was associated with lower serum dupilumab concentrations [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Two adult subjects with AD who experienced high titer antibody responses developed serum sickness or serum sickness-like reactions during DUPIXENT therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].